If an insecticide-resistant gene's frequency is constant, the expression for the gene's frequency in the following generation is given by
[tex]f = \frac{p * (1 + s)}{1 + sp}[/tex]
where s represents the reproductive advantage this gene has in the presence of the pesticide compared to the wild type.
Organophosphates, carbamates, pyrethroids, neonicotinoids, and other types of insecticides that have a similar chemical makeup and method of action are classified into groups of insecticides (MOA). The precise mechanism by which an insecticide kills an insect or prevents its growth is known as MOA.
A pest population's susceptibility to a certain insecticide or set of insecticides changes heritably over time, which is referred to as insecticide resistance. The term "pesticide-resistant" refers to insects that consistently resist being sufficiently controlled by the registered rate of an insecticide. In areas with high levels of pesticide resistance, applying insecticides at many times the usual rate may not have any impact on bug populations.
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